Christiane Nord is a German translation scholar. She studied translation at Heidelberg University (B.A. Honours, 1967). In 1983, she obtained her PhD in Romance Studies, with concentration in applied translation studies and translation pedagogy. Between 1967 and 2005, she taught translation theory, methodology and practice at various universities in Germany and abroad. Since her retirement in 2005, she has been traveling around the world on short-time teaching appointments by universities and translator training institutions in Europe, the Middle East, America, Asia and Africa. In 2007, she was appointed research associate and professor extraordinary of the University of the Free State, South Africa. She has been appointed visiting professor at various universities of the PRC and Spain and received an honorary doctorate from the University of Geneva in October 2015. She has approximately 200 publications about theoretical, methodological and pedagogical aspects of Skopos theory and "functionalism" in translation.